![]() Once the drain is in position and the acute infection (if present) has resolved, the IR can use the percutaneous access to perform image-guided and endoscopically guided procedures, depending on the clinical situation. IRs routinely place percutaneous drains (eg, abscess drains, biliary drains, percutaneous nephrostomies, and percutaneous cholecystostomies). With the advent of newer endoscopes with sizes smaller than 11F (approximately 4 mm in diameter), percutaneous endoscopy has become more feasible than before. ![]() IRs had to significantly upsize their access into vascular organs such as the kidney and liver to allow endoscope placement. Historically, the major limiting factors preventing the widespread use of endoscopic tools by IRs were the large diameter (>20F) and length of the endoscopes. ![]() Endoscopy can improve guidance in nonvascular procedures performed by interventional radiologists (IRs).
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